-
1 praemunio
prae-mūnĭo ( praemoenio, Gell. 13, 27; 14, 2), īvi, ītum, 4, v. a., to fortify or defend in front (class.).I.Lit.:II.aditus magnis operibus,
Caes. B. C. 3, 58:loca necessaria,
id. ib. 3, 112:Isthmum,
id. ib. 3, 55:fossa,
Tac. H. 3, 21.—Trop.A.To fortify, protect, secure:B.metu venenorum praemuniri medicamentis,
of securing himself, Suet. Calig. 29:praemuniendae regalis potentiae gratiā,
Vell. 2, 6, 2:genus (dicendi) praemunitum, et ex omni parte causae septum,
Cic. de Or. 3, 9, 32:praemunitus scientiā linguarum,
fortified, Aug. Doct. Chr. 3, 1.— Absol.:ut ante praemuniat, of an orator's art,
Cic. Or. 40, 137.—To place a thing before another for defence or strengthening:quae praemuniuntur omnia reliquo sermoni, quo facilius, etc.,
are premised to obviate objections, said by way of premunition, Cic. Leg. 1, 12, 34: illa, quae ex accusatorum oratione praemuniri intellegebam, brought forward or adduced in defence, id. Cael. 8, 19: primum illud praefulci et praemuni, quaeso, ut simus annui, take care of or secure beforehand, id. Att. 5, 13, 3. -
2 bellum
bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.I.Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:II.bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,
Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:quae domi duellique male fecisti,
id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:quique agent rem duelli,
Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,
id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,
Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,
id. 22, 10, 2:victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,
id. 23, 11, 2:si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,
id. 36, 2, 2;and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,
id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:hic... Pacem duello miscuit,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
id. ib. 3, 14, 18:vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,
id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]Form bellum.A.War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).1.Specifying the enemy.a.By adjj. denoting the nation:b.omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,
id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:Britannicum bellum,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:Gallicum,
id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:Germanicum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 28:Sabinum,
Liv. 1, 26, 4:Parthicum,
Vell. 2, 46, 2;similarly: bellum piraticum,
the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:Sertorianum bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:Mithridaticum,
id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:Jugurthinum,
Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;similarly: bellum regium,
the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:Asiaticum,
id. ib. 22, 64:Africum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:Actiacum,
Vell. 2, 86, 3:Hispaniense,
id. 2, 55, 2.—With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:c.Venetorum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16:Helvetiorum,
id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;1, 30: Ambiorigis,
id. ib. 6, 29, 4:Pyrrhi, Philippi,
Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:Samnitium,
Liv. 7, 29, 2.—With cum and abl. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:belli causa cum Samnitibus,
Liv. 7, 29, 3:hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,
id. 33, 35, 12:novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,
id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—With cum dependent on the verb:d.quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,
Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—With adversus and acc. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).bellum adversus Philippum,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,
id. 8, 29, 6.—With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:e.ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,
id. 45, 11, 8:bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—With contra and acc.:f.cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:causam belli contra patriam inferendi,
id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—With in and acc. (very rare):g. h. k.Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,
Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—2.With verbs.a.Referring to the beginning of the war.(α).Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:(β).summa erat observatio in bello movendo,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:bellum commotum a Scapula,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,
Sall. C. 30, 2:is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,
Liv. 1, 53, 2:insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,
id. 4, 58, 6:dii pium movere bellum,
id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,concitare,
Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:(γ).cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,
Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,
Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,parare alicui,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:bellum terra et mari comparat,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,
Liv. 4, 55, 7:numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—Bellum differre, to postpone a war:(δ).nec jam poterat bellum differri,
Liv. 2, 30, 7:mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,
id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):(ε).omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,
Sall. J. 83, 1:prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,
id. ib. 20, 5:de integro bellum sumit,
id. ib. 62, 9:iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,
Liv. 38, 19, 3:sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,
Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:(ζ).bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,
Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 11, 35:judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,
join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,
undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,
id. 6, 9, 5:bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,
Vell. 2, 3, 3.—Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):(η).consensit et senatus bellum,
Liv. 8, 6, 8:bellum erat consensum,
id. 1, 32, 12.—Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:(θ).sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,
id. ib.:cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?
id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,
Liv. 5, 26, 3:Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,
id. 6, 22, 6:Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,
id. 7, 23, 2:quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,
id. ib. 16, 49:hunc toti bello praefecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:bellum administrandum permittere,
id. ib. 21, 61.—Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:(κ).ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,
Liv. 1, 32, 13:Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,
id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:bellum indici posse existimabat,
Liv. 1, 22, 4:ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,
id. 1, 22, 6:ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,
id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:(λ).Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,
Cic. Pis. 34, 84:ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:bellum patriae faciet,
id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;3, 29: constituit bellum facere,
Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:occupant bellum facere,
they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,
id. 1, 32, 13:populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,
id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,
Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 7:aliud multo propius bellum ortum,
Liv. 1, 14, 4:Veiens bellum exortum,
id. 2, 53, 1.—(ante-class. and poet. ), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.I.Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:II.bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,
Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:quae domi duellique male fecisti,
id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:quique agent rem duelli,
Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,
id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,
Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,
id. 22, 10, 2:victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,
id. 23, 11, 2:si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,
id. 36, 2, 2;and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,
id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:hic... Pacem duello miscuit,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
id. ib. 3, 14, 18:vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,
id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]Form bellum.A.War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).1.Specifying the enemy.a.By adjj. denoting the nation:b.omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,
id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:Britannicum bellum,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:Gallicum,
id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:Germanicum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 28:Sabinum,
Liv. 1, 26, 4:Parthicum,
Vell. 2, 46, 2;similarly: bellum piraticum,
the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:Sertorianum bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:Mithridaticum,
id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:Jugurthinum,
Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;similarly: bellum regium,
the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:Asiaticum,
id. ib. 22, 64:Africum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:Actiacum,
Vell. 2, 86, 3:Hispaniense,
id. 2, 55, 2.—With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:c.Venetorum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16:Helvetiorum,
id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;1, 30: Ambiorigis,
id. ib. 6, 29, 4:Pyrrhi, Philippi,
Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:Samnitium,
Liv. 7, 29, 2.—With cum and abl. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:belli causa cum Samnitibus,
Liv. 7, 29, 3:hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,
id. 33, 35, 12:novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,
id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—With cum dependent on the verb:d.quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,
Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—With adversus and acc. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).bellum adversus Philippum,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,
id. 8, 29, 6.—With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:e.ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,
id. 45, 11, 8:bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—With contra and acc.:f.cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:causam belli contra patriam inferendi,
id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—With in and acc. (very rare):g. h. k.Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,
Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—2.With verbs.a.Referring to the beginning of the war.(α).Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:(β).summa erat observatio in bello movendo,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:bellum commotum a Scapula,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,
Sall. C. 30, 2:is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,
Liv. 1, 53, 2:insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,
id. 4, 58, 6:dii pium movere bellum,
id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,concitare,
Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:(γ).cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,
Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,
Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,parare alicui,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:bellum terra et mari comparat,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,
Liv. 4, 55, 7:numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—Bellum differre, to postpone a war:(δ).nec jam poterat bellum differri,
Liv. 2, 30, 7:mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,
id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):(ε).omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,
Sall. J. 83, 1:prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,
id. ib. 20, 5:de integro bellum sumit,
id. ib. 62, 9:iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,
Liv. 38, 19, 3:sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,
Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:(ζ).bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,
Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 11, 35:judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,
join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,
undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,
id. 6, 9, 5:bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,
Vell. 2, 3, 3.—Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):(η).consensit et senatus bellum,
Liv. 8, 6, 8:bellum erat consensum,
id. 1, 32, 12.—Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:(θ).sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,
id. ib.:cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?
id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,
Liv. 5, 26, 3:Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,
id. 6, 22, 6:Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,
id. 7, 23, 2:quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,
id. ib. 16, 49:hunc toti bello praefecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:bellum administrandum permittere,
id. ib. 21, 61.—Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:(κ).ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,
Liv. 1, 32, 13:Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,
id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:bellum indici posse existimabat,
Liv. 1, 22, 4:ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,
id. 1, 22, 6:ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,
id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:(λ).Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,
Cic. Pis. 34, 84:ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:bellum patriae faciet,
id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;3, 29: constituit bellum facere,
Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:occupant bellum facere,
they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,
id. 1, 32, 13:populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,
id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,
Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:b.subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 7:aliud multo propius bellum ortum,
Liv. 1, 14, 4:Veiens bellum exortum,
id. 2, 53, 1.—Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:(β).bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,
Cic. Sen. 6, 18:cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,
id. Off. 1, 12, 38:cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,
id. Div. 1, 46, 103:erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,
Caes. B. G. 3, 10:bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,
id. ib. 4, 6:Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,
Sall. C. 16, 5:bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,
Liv. 21, 1, 1:alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,
id. 2, 62, 3:de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,
id. 23, 25, 5:Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,
Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):bellum bellare,
Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);in the same sense: bellum agere,
Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:bello persequi aliquem,
Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:(γ).necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:bellum trahi non posse,
Sall. J. 23, 2:belli trahendi causa,
Liv. 5, 11, 8:morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,
id. 9, 27, 5:suadere institui ut bellum duceret,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:bellum enim ducetur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?
Liv. 5, 5, 1.—Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:c.bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44:Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,
Liv. 8, 37, 5.—Referring to the end of a war.(α).Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:(β).in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,
Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,
Sall. J. 83, 1:bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,
id. 31, 31, 19:dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,
Sall. J. 112, 1:bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,
id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:velut posito bello,
Liv. 1, 53, 5:manere bellum quod positum simuletur,
id. 1, 53, 7:posito ubique bello,
Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,
Liv. 2, 14, 5.—Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:(γ).timerent ne bellum componeretur,
Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:si bellum compositum foret,
Sall. J. 97, 2:belli componendi licentiam,
id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;similarly: bellum sedare,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:d.is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,
Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:bellumque maximum conficies,
id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:confecto Mithridatico bello,
id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,
Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,
Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,
Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),
id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,
Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—Less usual connections:3.bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:alere ac fovere bellum,
Liv. 42, 11, 5:bellum navare alicui,
Tac. H. 5, 25:spargere,
id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:serere,
Liv. 21, 10, 4:circumferre,
Tac. A. 13, 37:exercere,
id. ib. 6, 31:quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:bellum ascendit in rupes,
id. 4, 12, 4:bellum serpit in proximos,
id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:bella narrare,
Cic. Or. 9, 30:canere bella,
Quint. 10, 1, 91:bella legere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—As object denoting place or time.a.Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.(α).Of the commander:(β).consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,
Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,
Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,
Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:in bellum,
Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—Of persons partaking in a war:b.si proficiscerer ad bellum,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—c.In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:d.in bella sequi,
id. ib. 8, 547.—Of time.(α).In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):(β).valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,domi duellique,
id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,
Sall. J. 41, 7:animus belli ingens, domi modicus,
id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:bello domique,
id. 1, 34, 12:domi belloque,
id. 9, 26, 21; and:neque bello, neque domi,
id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,
Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:(γ).ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:in ipso bello eadem sensi,
id. Marcell. 5, 14:in Volsco bello virtus enituit,
Liv. 2, 24, 8:in eo bello,
id. 23, 46, 6:in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,
id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:qui in bello occiderunt,
Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,
Sall. C. 9, 4:non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,
Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:in bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:(δ).bello Italico,
id. Pis. 36, 87:Veienti bello,
id. Div. 1, 44, 100:domestico bello,
id. Planc. 29, 70:qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,
Liv. 23, 12, 11:victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1:nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,
id. 9, 18, 9:bello civili,
Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,
Cic. Sest. 26, 57:res pace belloque gestas,
Liv. 2, 1, 1:egregieque rebus bello gestis,
id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:ludi bello voti,
id. 4, 35. 3:princeps pace belloque,
id. 7, 1, 9:Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,
id. 45, 42, 7:bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—Inter bellum (rare):4.cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,
Liv. 2, 14, 2:inter haec bella consules... facti,
id. 2, 63, 1.—Bellum in attributive connection.a.Justum bellum.(α).A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):(β).justum piumque bellum,
Liv. 1, 23, 4:non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,
id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):b.in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,
Liv. 1, 15, 1.—For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—c.Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:d.quicunque belli eventus fuisset,
Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,
Sall. C. 37, 9:eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,
Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,
Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,
id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,
Liv. 5, 16, 8.—Fortuna belli, the chances of war:e.adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,
Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—Belli artes, military skill:f.cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,
Liv. 1, 35, 1:haud ignotas belli artes,
id. 21, 1, 2:temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,
id. 1, 21, 6.—Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:g.in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,
Liv. 5, 27, 6:jure belli res vindicatur,
Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:h.trium simul bellorum victor,
a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:victor tot bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1). —Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—B.Transf.1.Of things concr. and abstr.:2.qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,
Cic. Dom. 23, 60:bellum contra aras et focos,
id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,
id. Or. 2, 37, 155:ventri Indico bellum,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—Of animals:3.milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,
Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,
Ov. M. 6, 92.—With individuals:4.quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,
Cic. Lael. 21, 77:cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,
id. Sull. 9, 28:hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,
id. 3, 25, 3:tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,
id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,
Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—5.Personified as god of war ( = Janus):6.tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,
Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,
Verg. A. 7, 607:mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,
id. ib. 6, 279.—Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):7.permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),
Ov. M. 12, 24:sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,
Sil. 7, 472:quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?
Stat. Th. 9, 490.—Battle, = proelium:8.rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,
Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,
Sall. C. 9, 4:praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,
Liv. 8, 10, 7:commisso statim bello,
Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:Actia bella,
Verg. A. 8, 675:ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,
id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —Bellum = liber de bello:b.quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!
Cic. Sen. 14, 50.Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:(β).bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,
Cic. Sen. 6, 18:cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,
id. Off. 1, 12, 38:cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,
id. Div. 1, 46, 103:erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,
Caes. B. G. 3, 10:bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,
id. ib. 4, 6:Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,
Sall. C. 16, 5:bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,
Liv. 21, 1, 1:alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,
id. 2, 62, 3:de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,
id. 23, 25, 5:Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,
Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):bellum bellare,
Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);in the same sense: bellum agere,
Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:bello persequi aliquem,
Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:(γ).necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:bellum trahi non posse,
Sall. J. 23, 2:belli trahendi causa,
Liv. 5, 11, 8:morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,
id. 9, 27, 5:suadere institui ut bellum duceret,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:bellum enim ducetur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?
Liv. 5, 5, 1.—Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:c.bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44:Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,
Liv. 8, 37, 5.—Referring to the end of a war.(α).Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:(β).in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,
Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,
Sall. J. 83, 1:bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,
id. 31, 31, 19:dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,
Sall. J. 112, 1:bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,
id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:velut posito bello,
Liv. 1, 53, 5:manere bellum quod positum simuletur,
id. 1, 53, 7:posito ubique bello,
Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,
Liv. 2, 14, 5.—Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:(γ).timerent ne bellum componeretur,
Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:si bellum compositum foret,
Sall. J. 97, 2:belli componendi licentiam,
id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;similarly: bellum sedare,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:d.is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,
Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:bellumque maximum conficies,
id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:confecto Mithridatico bello,
id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,
Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,
Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,
Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),
id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,
Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—Less usual connections:3.bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:alere ac fovere bellum,
Liv. 42, 11, 5:bellum navare alicui,
Tac. H. 5, 25:spargere,
id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:serere,
Liv. 21, 10, 4:circumferre,
Tac. A. 13, 37:exercere,
id. ib. 6, 31:quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:bellum ascendit in rupes,
id. 4, 12, 4:bellum serpit in proximos,
id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:bella narrare,
Cic. Or. 9, 30:canere bella,
Quint. 10, 1, 91:bella legere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—As object denoting place or time.a.Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.(α).Of the commander:(β).consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,
Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,
Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,
Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:in bellum,
Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—Of persons partaking in a war:b.si proficiscerer ad bellum,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—c.In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:d.in bella sequi,
id. ib. 8, 547.—Of time.(α).In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):(β).valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,domi duellique,
id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,
Sall. J. 41, 7:animus belli ingens, domi modicus,
id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:bello domique,
id. 1, 34, 12:domi belloque,
id. 9, 26, 21; and:neque bello, neque domi,
id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,
Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:(γ).ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:in ipso bello eadem sensi,
id. Marcell. 5, 14:in Volsco bello virtus enituit,
Liv. 2, 24, 8:in eo bello,
id. 23, 46, 6:in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,
id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:qui in bello occiderunt,
Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,
Sall. C. 9, 4:non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,
Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:in bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:(δ).bello Italico,
id. Pis. 36, 87:Veienti bello,
id. Div. 1, 44, 100:domestico bello,
id. Planc. 29, 70:qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,
Liv. 23, 12, 11:victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1:nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,
id. 9, 18, 9:bello civili,
Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,
Cic. Sest. 26, 57:res pace belloque gestas,
Liv. 2, 1, 1:egregieque rebus bello gestis,
id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:ludi bello voti,
id. 4, 35. 3:princeps pace belloque,
id. 7, 1, 9:Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,
id. 45, 42, 7:bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—Inter bellum (rare):4.cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,
Liv. 2, 14, 2:inter haec bella consules... facti,
id. 2, 63, 1.—Bellum in attributive connection.a.Justum bellum.(α).A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):(β).justum piumque bellum,
Liv. 1, 23, 4:non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,
id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):b.in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,
Liv. 1, 15, 1.—For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—c.Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:d.quicunque belli eventus fuisset,
Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,
Sall. C. 37, 9:eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,
Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,
Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,
id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,
Liv. 5, 16, 8.—Fortuna belli, the chances of war:e.adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,
Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—Belli artes, military skill:f.cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,
Liv. 1, 35, 1:haud ignotas belli artes,
id. 21, 1, 2:temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,
id. 1, 21, 6.—Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:g.in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,
Liv. 5, 27, 6:jure belli res vindicatur,
Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:h.trium simul bellorum victor,
a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:victor tot bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1). —Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—B.Transf.1.Of things concr. and abstr.:2.qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,
Cic. Dom. 23, 60:bellum contra aras et focos,
id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,
id. Or. 2, 37, 155:ventri Indico bellum,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—Of animals:3.milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,
Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,
Ov. M. 6, 92.—With individuals:4.quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,
Cic. Lael. 21, 77:cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,
id. Sull. 9, 28:hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,
id. 3, 25, 3:tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,
id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,
Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—5.Personified as god of war ( = Janus):6.tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,
Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,
Verg. A. 7, 607:mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,
id. ib. 6, 279.—Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):7.permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),
Ov. M. 12, 24:sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,
Sil. 7, 472:quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?
Stat. Th. 9, 490.—Battle, = proelium:8.rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,
Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,
Sall. C. 9, 4:praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,
Liv. 8, 10, 7:commisso statim bello,
Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:Actia bella,
Verg. A. 8, 675:ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,
id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —Bellum = liber de bello:quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!
Cic. Sen. 14, 50. -
3 tueor
tŭĕor, tuĭtus, 2 ( perf. only post-Aug., Quint. 5, 13, 35; Plin. Ep. 6, 29, 10; collat. form tūtus, in the part., rare, Sall. J. 74, 3; Front. Strat. 2, 12, 13; but constantly in the P. a.; inf. parag. tuerier, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 35; collat. form acc. to the 3d conj. tŭor, Cat. 20, 5; Stat. Th. 3, 151:I.tuĕris,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 82:tuimur,
Lucr. 1, 300; 4, 224; 4, 449;6, 934: tuamur,
id. 4, 361:tuantur,
id. 4, 1004; imper. tuĕre, id. 5, 318), v. dep. a. [etym. dub.], orig., to see, to look or gaze upon, to watch, view; hence, pregn., to see or look to, to defend, protect, etc.: tueri duo significat; unum ab aspectu, unde est Ennii illud: tueor te senex? pro Juppiter! (Trag. v. 225 Vahl.);alterum a curando ac tutela, ut cum dicimus bellum tueor et tueri villam,
Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Müll. sq.—Accordingly,To look at, gaze at, behold, watch, view, regard, consider, examine, etc. (only poet.; syn.: specto, adspicio, intueor): quam te post multis tueor tempestatibus, Pac. ap. Non. 407, 32; 414, 3:(β).e tenebris, quae sunt in luce, tuemur,
Lucr. 4, 312:ubi nil aliud nisi aquam caelumque tuentur,
id. 4, 434:caeli templa,
id. 6, 1228 al.:tuendo Terribiles oculos, vultum, etc.,
Verg. A. 8, 265; cf. id. ib. 1, 713:talia dicentem jam dudum aversa tuetur,
id. ib. 4, 362:transversa tuentibus hircis,
id. E. 3, 8:acerba tuens,
looking fiercely, Lucr. 5, 33; cf. Verg. A. 9, 794:torva,
id. ib. 6, 467.—With object-clause:II.quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur (homines), etc.,
Lucr. 1, 152; 6, 50; 6, 1163.—Pregn., to look to, care for, keep up, uphold, maintain, support, guard, preserve, defend, protect, etc. (the predom. class. signif. of the word; cf.:► 1.curo, conservo, tutor, protego, defendo): videte, ne... vobis turpissimum sit, id, quod accepistis, tueri et conservare non posse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:ut quisque eis rebus tuendis conservandisque praefuerat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, 140:omnia,
id. N. D. 2, 23, 60:mores et instituta vitae resque domesticas ac familiares,
id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:societatem conjunctionis humanae munifice et aeque,
id. Fin. 5, 23, 65:concordiam,
id. Att. 1, 17, 10: rem et gratiam et auctoritatem suam, id. Fam. 13, 49, 1:dignitatem,
id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48:L. Paulus personam principis civis facile dicendo tuebatur,
id. Brut. 20, 80:personam in re publicā,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 29; cf.: tuum munus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 11, 1:tueri et sustinere simulacrum pristinae dignitatis,
Cic. Rab. Post. 15, 41:aedem Castoris P. Junius habuit tuendam,
to keep in good order, id. Verr. 2, 1, 50, § 130; cf. Plin. Pan. 51, 1:Bassum ut incustoditum nimis et incautum,
id. Ep. 6, 29, 10:libertatem,
Tac. A. 3, 27; 14, 60:se, vitam corpusque tueri,
to keep, preserve, Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11:antea majores copias alere poterat, nunc exiguas vix tueri potest,
id. Deiot. 8, 22:se ac suos tueri,
Liv. 5, 4, 5:sex legiones (re suā),
Cic. Par. 6, 1, 45:armentum paleis,
Col. 6, 3, 3:se ceteris armis prudentiae tueri atque defendere,
to guard, protect, Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 172; cf.:tuemini castra et defendite diligenter,
Caes. B. C. 3, 94:suos fines,
id. B. G. 4, 8:portus,
id. ib. 5, 8:oppidum unius legionis praesidio,
id. B. C. 2, 23:oram maritimam,
id. ib. 3, 34:impedimenta,
to cover, protect, Hirt. B. G. 8, 2.—With ab and abl.:fines suos ab excursionibus et latrociniis,
Cic. Deiot. 8, 22:domum a furibus,
Phaedr. 3, 7, 10: mare ab hostibus, Auct. B. Afr. 8, 2.—With contra:quos non parsimoniā tueri potuit contra illius audaciam,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 11:liberūm nostrorum pueritiam contra inprobitatem magistratuum,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 153; Quint. 5, 13, 35; Plin. 20, 14, 54, § 152; Tac. A. 6, 47 (41).—With adversus:tueri se adversus Romanos,
Liv. 25, 11, 7:nostra adversus vim atque injuriam,
id. 7, 31, 3:adversus Philippum tueri Athenas,
id. 31, 9, 3; 42, 46, 9; 42, 23, 6:arcem adversus tres cohortes tueri,
Tac. H. 3, 78; Just. 17, 3, 22; 43, 3, 4.—In part. perf.:Verres fortiter et industrie tuitus contra piratas Siciliam dicitur,
Quint. 5, 13, 35 (al. tutatus):Numidas in omnibus proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt,
Sall. J. 74, 3.Act. form tŭĕo, ēre:2.censores vectigalia tuento,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7:ROGO PER SVPEROS, QVI ESTIS, OSSA MEA TVEATIS,
Inscr. Orell. 4788.—tŭĕor, ēri, in pass. signif.:A.majores nostri in pace a rusticis Romanis alebantur et in bello ab his tuebantur,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1, 4; Lucr. 4, 361:consilio et operā curatoris tueri debet non solum patrimonium, sed et corpus et salus furiosi,
Dig. 27, 10, 7:voluntas testatoris ex bono et aequo tuebitur,
ib. 28, 3, 17.—Hence, tūtus, a, um, P. a. (prop. well seen to or guarded; hence), safe, secure, out of danger (cf. securus, free from fear).Lit.(α).Absol.:(β).nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta... contra tuam cupiditatem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39:cum victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur,
Caes. B. G. 2, 28:nec se satis tutum fore arbitratur,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; cf.:me biremis praesidio scaphae Tutum per Aegaeos tumultus Aura feret,
Hor. C. 3, 29, 63; Ov. M. 8, 368:tutus bos rura perambulat,
Hor. C. 4, 5, 17:quis locus tam firmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset?
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 11, 31:mare tutum praestare,
id. Fl. 13, 31:sic existimabat tutissimam fore Galliam,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 54:nemus,
Hor. C. 1, 17, 5:via fugae,
Cic. Caecin. 15, 44; cf.:commodior ac tutior receptus,
Caes. B. C. 1, 46:perfugium,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 8:tutum iter et patens,
Hor. C. 3, 16, 7:tutissima custodia,
Liv. 31, 23, 9:praesidio nostro pasci genus esseque tutum,
Lucr. 5, 874:vitam consistere tutam,
id. 6, 11:tutiorem et opulentiorem vitam hominum reddere,
Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3: est et fideli tuta silentio Merces, secure, sure (diff. from certa, definite, certain), Hor. C. 3, 2, 25:tutior at quanto merx est in classe secundā!
id. S. 1, 2, 47:non est tua tuta voluntas,
not without danger, Ov. M. 2, 53:in audaces non est audacia tuta,
id. ib. 10, 544:externā vi non tutus modo rex, sed invictus,
Curt. 6, 7, 1:vel tutioris audentiae est,
Quint. 12, prooem. §4: cogitatio tutior,
id. 10, 7, 19:fuit brevitas illa tutissima,
id. 10, 1, 39:regnum et diadema tutum Deferens uni,
i. e. that cannot be taken away, Hor. C. 2, 2, 21: male tutae mentis Orestes, i. e. unsound, = male sanae, id. S. 2, 3, 137: quicquid habes, age, Depone tutis auribus, qs. carefully guarded, i. e. safe, faithful, id. C. 1, 27, 18 (cf. the opp.: auris rimosa, id. S. 2, 6, 46).— Poet., with gen.:(pars ratium) tuta fugae,
Luc. 9, 346.—With ab and abl.: tutus ab insidiis inimici, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 2:(γ).ab insidiis,
Hor. S. 2, 6, 117:a periculo,
Caes. B. G. 7, 14:ab hoste,
Ov. H. 11, 44:ab hospite,
id. M. 1, 144:a conjuge,
id. ib. 8, 316:a ferro,
id. ib. 13, 498:a bello, id. H. (15) 16, 344: ab omni injuriā,
Phaedr. 1, 31, 9.—With ad and acc.:(δ).turrim tuendam ad omnis repentinos casus tradidit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 39:ad id, quod ne timeatur fortuna facit, minime tuti sunt homines,
Liv. 25, 38, 14:testudinem tutam ad omnes ictus video esse,
id. 36, 32, 6.—With adversus:(ε).adversus venenorum pericula tutum corpus suum reddere,
Cels. 5, 23, 3:quo tutiores essent adversus ictus sagittarum,
Curt. 7, 9, 2:loci beneficio adversus intemperiem anni tutus est,
Sen. Ira, 2, 12, 1:per quem tutior adversus casus steti,
Val. Max. 4, 7, ext. 2:quorum praesidio tutus adversus hostes esse debuerat,
Just. 10, 1, 7.—With abl.: incendio fere tuta est Alexandria, Auct. B. Alex. 1, 3.—b.Tutum est, with a subj. -clause, it is prudent or safe, it is the part of a prudent man:2.si dicere palam parum tutum est,
Quint. 9, 2, 66; 8, 3, 47; 10, 3, 33:o nullis tutum credere blanditiis,
Prop. 1, 15, 42:tutius esse arbitrabantur, obsessis viis, commeatu intercluso sine ullo vulnere victoriā potiri,
Caes. B. G. 3, 24; Quint. 7, 1, 36; 11, 2, 48:nobis tutissimum est, auctores plurimos sequi,
id. 3, 4, 11; 3, 6, 63.—As subst.: tūtum, i, n., a place of safety, a shelter, safety, security: Tr. Circumspice dum, numquis est, Sermonem nostrum qui aucupet. Th. Tutum probe est, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 42:B.tuta et parvula laudo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 42:trepidum et tuta petentem Trux aper insequitur,
Ov. M. 10, 714:in tuto ut collocetur,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 11:esse in tuto,
id. ib. 4, 3, 30:ut sitis in tuto,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3:in tutum eduxi manipulares meos,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 7:in tutum receptus est,
Liv. 2, 19, 6.—Transf., watchful, careful, cautious, prudent (rare and not ante-Aug.;a.syn.: cautus, prudens): serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae,
Hor. A. P. 28:tutus et intra Spem veniae cautus,
id. ib. 266:non nisi vicinas tutus ararit aquas,
Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 36:id suā sponte, apparebat, tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,
Liv. 22, 38, 13:celeriora quam tutiora consilia magis placuere ducibus,
id. 9, 32, 3.—Hence, adv. in two forms, tūtē and tūtō, safely, securely, in safety, without danger.Posit.(α).Form tute (very rare):(β).crede huic tute,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 102:eum tute vivere, qui honeste vivat,
Auct. Her. 3, 5, 9:tute cauteque agere,
id. ib. 3, 7, 13.—Form tuto (class. in prose and poetry):b.pervenire,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 70; Lucr. 1, 179:dimicare,
Caes. B. G. 3, 24:tuto et libere decernere,
id. B. C. 1, 2:ut tuto sim,
in security, Cic. Fam. 14, 3, 3:ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent,
Caes. B. G. 7, 36. —Comp.:c.ut in vadis consisterent tutius,
Caes. B. G. 3, 13:tutius et facilius receptus daretur,
id. B. C. 2, 30:tutius ac facilius id tractatur,
Quint. 5, 5, 1:usitatis tutius utimur,
id. 1, 5, 71:ut ubivis tutius quam in meo regno essem,
Sall. J. 14, 11.—Sup.(α).Form tutissime: nam te hic tutissime puto fore, Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—(β).Form tutissimo:quaerere, ubi tutissimo essem,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 2; cf. Charis. p. 173 P.:tutissimo infunduntur oboli quattuor,
Plin. 20, 3, 8, § 14. -
4 tutum
tŭĕor, tuĭtus, 2 ( perf. only post-Aug., Quint. 5, 13, 35; Plin. Ep. 6, 29, 10; collat. form tūtus, in the part., rare, Sall. J. 74, 3; Front. Strat. 2, 12, 13; but constantly in the P. a.; inf. parag. tuerier, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 35; collat. form acc. to the 3d conj. tŭor, Cat. 20, 5; Stat. Th. 3, 151:I.tuĕris,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 82:tuimur,
Lucr. 1, 300; 4, 224; 4, 449;6, 934: tuamur,
id. 4, 361:tuantur,
id. 4, 1004; imper. tuĕre, id. 5, 318), v. dep. a. [etym. dub.], orig., to see, to look or gaze upon, to watch, view; hence, pregn., to see or look to, to defend, protect, etc.: tueri duo significat; unum ab aspectu, unde est Ennii illud: tueor te senex? pro Juppiter! (Trag. v. 225 Vahl.);alterum a curando ac tutela, ut cum dicimus bellum tueor et tueri villam,
Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Müll. sq.—Accordingly,To look at, gaze at, behold, watch, view, regard, consider, examine, etc. (only poet.; syn.: specto, adspicio, intueor): quam te post multis tueor tempestatibus, Pac. ap. Non. 407, 32; 414, 3:(β).e tenebris, quae sunt in luce, tuemur,
Lucr. 4, 312:ubi nil aliud nisi aquam caelumque tuentur,
id. 4, 434:caeli templa,
id. 6, 1228 al.:tuendo Terribiles oculos, vultum, etc.,
Verg. A. 8, 265; cf. id. ib. 1, 713:talia dicentem jam dudum aversa tuetur,
id. ib. 4, 362:transversa tuentibus hircis,
id. E. 3, 8:acerba tuens,
looking fiercely, Lucr. 5, 33; cf. Verg. A. 9, 794:torva,
id. ib. 6, 467.—With object-clause:II.quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur (homines), etc.,
Lucr. 1, 152; 6, 50; 6, 1163.—Pregn., to look to, care for, keep up, uphold, maintain, support, guard, preserve, defend, protect, etc. (the predom. class. signif. of the word; cf.:► 1.curo, conservo, tutor, protego, defendo): videte, ne... vobis turpissimum sit, id, quod accepistis, tueri et conservare non posse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12:ut quisque eis rebus tuendis conservandisque praefuerat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, 140:omnia,
id. N. D. 2, 23, 60:mores et instituta vitae resque domesticas ac familiares,
id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2:societatem conjunctionis humanae munifice et aeque,
id. Fin. 5, 23, 65:concordiam,
id. Att. 1, 17, 10: rem et gratiam et auctoritatem suam, id. Fam. 13, 49, 1:dignitatem,
id. Tusc. 2, 21, 48:L. Paulus personam principis civis facile dicendo tuebatur,
id. Brut. 20, 80:personam in re publicā,
id. Phil. 8, 10, 29; cf.: tuum munus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 11, 1:tueri et sustinere simulacrum pristinae dignitatis,
Cic. Rab. Post. 15, 41:aedem Castoris P. Junius habuit tuendam,
to keep in good order, id. Verr. 2, 1, 50, § 130; cf. Plin. Pan. 51, 1:Bassum ut incustoditum nimis et incautum,
id. Ep. 6, 29, 10:libertatem,
Tac. A. 3, 27; 14, 60:se, vitam corpusque tueri,
to keep, preserve, Cic. Off. 1, 4, 11:antea majores copias alere poterat, nunc exiguas vix tueri potest,
id. Deiot. 8, 22:se ac suos tueri,
Liv. 5, 4, 5:sex legiones (re suā),
Cic. Par. 6, 1, 45:armentum paleis,
Col. 6, 3, 3:se ceteris armis prudentiae tueri atque defendere,
to guard, protect, Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 172; cf.:tuemini castra et defendite diligenter,
Caes. B. C. 3, 94:suos fines,
id. B. G. 4, 8:portus,
id. ib. 5, 8:oppidum unius legionis praesidio,
id. B. C. 2, 23:oram maritimam,
id. ib. 3, 34:impedimenta,
to cover, protect, Hirt. B. G. 8, 2.—With ab and abl.:fines suos ab excursionibus et latrociniis,
Cic. Deiot. 8, 22:domum a furibus,
Phaedr. 3, 7, 10: mare ab hostibus, Auct. B. Afr. 8, 2.—With contra:quos non parsimoniā tueri potuit contra illius audaciam,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 5, 11:liberūm nostrorum pueritiam contra inprobitatem magistratuum,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 58, § 153; Quint. 5, 13, 35; Plin. 20, 14, 54, § 152; Tac. A. 6, 47 (41).—With adversus:tueri se adversus Romanos,
Liv. 25, 11, 7:nostra adversus vim atque injuriam,
id. 7, 31, 3:adversus Philippum tueri Athenas,
id. 31, 9, 3; 42, 46, 9; 42, 23, 6:arcem adversus tres cohortes tueri,
Tac. H. 3, 78; Just. 17, 3, 22; 43, 3, 4.—In part. perf.:Verres fortiter et industrie tuitus contra piratas Siciliam dicitur,
Quint. 5, 13, 35 (al. tutatus):Numidas in omnibus proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt,
Sall. J. 74, 3.Act. form tŭĕo, ēre:2.censores vectigalia tuento,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3, 7:ROGO PER SVPEROS, QVI ESTIS, OSSA MEA TVEATIS,
Inscr. Orell. 4788.—tŭĕor, ēri, in pass. signif.:A.majores nostri in pace a rusticis Romanis alebantur et in bello ab his tuebantur,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1, 4; Lucr. 4, 361:consilio et operā curatoris tueri debet non solum patrimonium, sed et corpus et salus furiosi,
Dig. 27, 10, 7:voluntas testatoris ex bono et aequo tuebitur,
ib. 28, 3, 17.—Hence, tūtus, a, um, P. a. (prop. well seen to or guarded; hence), safe, secure, out of danger (cf. securus, free from fear).Lit.(α).Absol.:(β).nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta... contra tuam cupiditatem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39:cum victis nihil tutum arbitrarentur,
Caes. B. G. 2, 28:nec se satis tutum fore arbitratur,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 27; cf.:me biremis praesidio scaphae Tutum per Aegaeos tumultus Aura feret,
Hor. C. 3, 29, 63; Ov. M. 8, 368:tutus bos rura perambulat,
Hor. C. 4, 5, 17:quis locus tam firmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset?
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 11, 31:mare tutum praestare,
id. Fl. 13, 31:sic existimabat tutissimam fore Galliam,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 54:nemus,
Hor. C. 1, 17, 5:via fugae,
Cic. Caecin. 15, 44; cf.:commodior ac tutior receptus,
Caes. B. C. 1, 46:perfugium,
Cic. Rep. 1, 4, 8:tutum iter et patens,
Hor. C. 3, 16, 7:tutissima custodia,
Liv. 31, 23, 9:praesidio nostro pasci genus esseque tutum,
Lucr. 5, 874:vitam consistere tutam,
id. 6, 11:tutiorem et opulentiorem vitam hominum reddere,
Cic. Rep. 1, 2, 3: est et fideli tuta silentio Merces, secure, sure (diff. from certa, definite, certain), Hor. C. 3, 2, 25:tutior at quanto merx est in classe secundā!
id. S. 1, 2, 47:non est tua tuta voluntas,
not without danger, Ov. M. 2, 53:in audaces non est audacia tuta,
id. ib. 10, 544:externā vi non tutus modo rex, sed invictus,
Curt. 6, 7, 1:vel tutioris audentiae est,
Quint. 12, prooem. §4: cogitatio tutior,
id. 10, 7, 19:fuit brevitas illa tutissima,
id. 10, 1, 39:regnum et diadema tutum Deferens uni,
i. e. that cannot be taken away, Hor. C. 2, 2, 21: male tutae mentis Orestes, i. e. unsound, = male sanae, id. S. 2, 3, 137: quicquid habes, age, Depone tutis auribus, qs. carefully guarded, i. e. safe, faithful, id. C. 1, 27, 18 (cf. the opp.: auris rimosa, id. S. 2, 6, 46).— Poet., with gen.:(pars ratium) tuta fugae,
Luc. 9, 346.—With ab and abl.: tutus ab insidiis inimici, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 2:(γ).ab insidiis,
Hor. S. 2, 6, 117:a periculo,
Caes. B. G. 7, 14:ab hoste,
Ov. H. 11, 44:ab hospite,
id. M. 1, 144:a conjuge,
id. ib. 8, 316:a ferro,
id. ib. 13, 498:a bello, id. H. (15) 16, 344: ab omni injuriā,
Phaedr. 1, 31, 9.—With ad and acc.:(δ).turrim tuendam ad omnis repentinos casus tradidit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 39:ad id, quod ne timeatur fortuna facit, minime tuti sunt homines,
Liv. 25, 38, 14:testudinem tutam ad omnes ictus video esse,
id. 36, 32, 6.—With adversus:(ε).adversus venenorum pericula tutum corpus suum reddere,
Cels. 5, 23, 3:quo tutiores essent adversus ictus sagittarum,
Curt. 7, 9, 2:loci beneficio adversus intemperiem anni tutus est,
Sen. Ira, 2, 12, 1:per quem tutior adversus casus steti,
Val. Max. 4, 7, ext. 2:quorum praesidio tutus adversus hostes esse debuerat,
Just. 10, 1, 7.—With abl.: incendio fere tuta est Alexandria, Auct. B. Alex. 1, 3.—b.Tutum est, with a subj. -clause, it is prudent or safe, it is the part of a prudent man:2.si dicere palam parum tutum est,
Quint. 9, 2, 66; 8, 3, 47; 10, 3, 33:o nullis tutum credere blanditiis,
Prop. 1, 15, 42:tutius esse arbitrabantur, obsessis viis, commeatu intercluso sine ullo vulnere victoriā potiri,
Caes. B. G. 3, 24; Quint. 7, 1, 36; 11, 2, 48:nobis tutissimum est, auctores plurimos sequi,
id. 3, 4, 11; 3, 6, 63.—As subst.: tūtum, i, n., a place of safety, a shelter, safety, security: Tr. Circumspice dum, numquis est, Sermonem nostrum qui aucupet. Th. Tutum probe est, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 42:B.tuta et parvula laudo,
Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 42:trepidum et tuta petentem Trux aper insequitur,
Ov. M. 10, 714:in tuto ut collocetur,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 11:esse in tuto,
id. ib. 4, 3, 30:ut sitis in tuto,
Cic. Fam. 12, 2, 3:in tutum eduxi manipulares meos,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 7:in tutum receptus est,
Liv. 2, 19, 6.—Transf., watchful, careful, cautious, prudent (rare and not ante-Aug.;a.syn.: cautus, prudens): serpit humi tutus nimium timidusque procellae,
Hor. A. P. 28:tutus et intra Spem veniae cautus,
id. ib. 266:non nisi vicinas tutus ararit aquas,
Ov. Tr. 3, 12, 36:id suā sponte, apparebat, tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,
Liv. 22, 38, 13:celeriora quam tutiora consilia magis placuere ducibus,
id. 9, 32, 3.—Hence, adv. in two forms, tūtē and tūtō, safely, securely, in safety, without danger.Posit.(α).Form tute (very rare):(β).crede huic tute,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 102:eum tute vivere, qui honeste vivat,
Auct. Her. 3, 5, 9:tute cauteque agere,
id. ib. 3, 7, 13.—Form tuto (class. in prose and poetry):b.pervenire,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 70; Lucr. 1, 179:dimicare,
Caes. B. G. 3, 24:tuto et libere decernere,
id. B. C. 1, 2:ut tuto sim,
in security, Cic. Fam. 14, 3, 3:ut tuto ab repentino hostium incursu etiam singuli commeare possent,
Caes. B. G. 7, 36. —Comp.:c.ut in vadis consisterent tutius,
Caes. B. G. 3, 13:tutius et facilius receptus daretur,
id. B. C. 2, 30:tutius ac facilius id tractatur,
Quint. 5, 5, 1:usitatis tutius utimur,
id. 1, 5, 71:ut ubivis tutius quam in meo regno essem,
Sall. J. 14, 11.—Sup.(α).Form tutissime: nam te hic tutissime puto fore, Pomp. ap. Cic. Att. 8, 11, A.—(β).Form tutissimo:quaerere, ubi tutissimo essem,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 2; cf. Charis. p. 173 P.:tutissimo infunduntur oboli quattuor,
Plin. 20, 3, 8, § 14. -
5 prō-tegō
prō-tegō tēxī, tēctus, ere, to cover before, hide in front, cover over, cover, protect, shelter: tabernacula protecta hederā, Cs.: aedes, furnish with a projecting roof: hunc scutis protegunt hostes, protect, Cs.: scutis protecti corpora longis, V.: protegendi corporis memor, L.—Fig., to cover, shield, defend, protect: me civem: mansit ad protegendum regem, L.: causam, Iu. -
6 infitiae
infĭtĭae ( infĭcĭae), ārum, f. [2. infateor], denial; only in the acc. in connection with ire, and very rarely without a negative, except in ante-class. Lat.: infitias ire, to deny (not in Cic. or Cæs.); constr. with acc. and inf., aliquid or absol.:II.quī lubet ire infitias mihi facta quae sunt?
Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 45:ille infitias ibit,
Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 41:omnia infitias ire,
Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 9;so without a negative: infitias eunt mercedem se belli Romanis inferendi pactos,
Liv. 10, 10, 8. — With a negative:ne infitias eat,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 76:quod nemo it infitias,
Nep. Epam. 10, 4:neque infitias eo, quasdam esse, etc.,
Quint. 3, 7, 3:neque nego, neque infitias eo, nos enixe operam dedisse,
Liv. 6, 40, 4; id. 9, 9, 4; 31, 31, 9:nec eo infitias, quin, etc.,
Front. Aquaed. 72; Gell. 2, 26, 7; 19, 8, 5.—Esp., to defend an action at law:jurare debent non calumniae causa litem intendere, et non calumniae causa ad infitias ire,
Dig. 10, 2, 44, § 4. -
7 ob
ŏb (old form obs, v. III.), prep. with acc. (in late Lat. also with the abl.:I.OB PERPETVO EIVS ERGA SE AMORE,
Inscr. Orell. 106) [Osc. op; kindr. with Sanscr. api; Gr. epi].Lit.A.With verbs of motion, towards, to (only ante-class.): IS TERTHS DIEBVS OB PORTVM OBVAGVLATVM ITO, let him go before his house to summon him, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. portum, p. 233 Müll.: ob Romam legiones ducere, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 179 Müll. (Ann. v. 295 Vahl.); cf.:B.ob Troiam duxit,
id. ib. p. 178 Müll. (Incert. libr. v. 5 Vahl.): cujus ob os Grai ora obvertebant sua, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 39; and ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2 (Trag. Rel. p. 211 Rib.).—With verbs of rest, about, before, in front of, over (in Cic.):II.follem sibi obstringit ob gulam,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23:lanam ob oculum habere,
id. Mil. 5, 37:ob oculos mihi caliginem obstitisse,
before my eyes, id. ib. 2, 4, 51:mors ob oculos saepe versata est,
Cic. Rab. Post. 14, 39; id. Sest. 21, 47:ignis qui est ob os offusus,
id. Univ. 14.—Transf., to indicate the object or cause, on account of, for, because of, by reason of, etc.A.In gen. (freq. and class.):B.etiam ob stultitiam tuam te tueris?
do you still defend yourself with regard to your folly? Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 82:pretium ob stultitiam fero,
Ter. And. 3, 5, 4; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 23:ob eam rem iratus,
on that account, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 33:neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,
id. ib. 4, 4, 39; Ter. Ad. 5, 6, 7: Mi. Ob eam rem? De. Ob eam, id. ib. 5. 9, 20:ob rem nullam,
id. Hec. 5, 3, 2:hanc Epicurus rationem induxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, ne, etc.,
Cic. Fat. 10, 23:ob eam causam, quod, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 7, 12: quam ob causam venerant, id. de Or. 1, 7, 26:non solum ob eam causam fieri volui, quod, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 21, 34:ob hanc causam, quod,
id. ib. 2, 1, 3:nec ob aliam causam ullam, etc.,
id. Lael. 20, 74:ob meas injurias,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 85; cf.:quodnam ob facinus?
id. ib. 5, 2, 3: ob peccatum hoc. id. ib. v. 37:ob malefacta haec,
id. Ad. 2, 1, 46:ob illam injuriam,
Cic. Rep. 2, 25, 46:ob aliquod emolumentum suum,
id. Font. 8, 17: (eum) ac Troiam misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):ob rem judicandam pecuniam adcipere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78; id. Att. 1, 17, 8; id. Mur. 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 119; Sall. J. 89, 2; Quint. 5, 10, 87:nec meliores ob eam scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus,
on account of, for that knowledge, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 32:ob eam (amicitiam) summā fide servatam,
id. Lael. 7, 25:is igitur dicitur ab Amulio ob labefactandi regni timorem, ad Tiberim exponi jussus esse,
id. Rep. 2, 2, 4:unius ob iram Prodimur,
Verg. A. 1, 251; cf.:saevae memorem Junonis ob iram,
id. ib. 1, 4; cf.also: aut ob avaritiam aut miserā ambitione laborat,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 26:barbarus eum quidam palam ob iram interfecti ab eo domini obtruncat,
Liv. 21, 2, 6:non noxā neque ob metum,
Tac. H. 2, 49:Germanicum mortem ob rem publicam obiisse,
for the republic, id. A. 2, 83:cum quibus ob rem pecuniariam disceptabat,
id. ib. 6, 5.—In partic.1.In consideration of, in return for, instead of (mostly ante-class.):2.ob asinos ferre argentum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 80; id. Ep. 5, 2, 38:quin arrhabonem a me accepisti ob mulierem?
id. Rud. 3, 6, 23:ager oppositus est pignori Ob decem minas,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56: talentum magnum ob unam fabulam datum esse, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 11, 10 fin.:pecuniam ob absolvendum accipere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78:pecuniam ob delicta dare,
Tac. A. 14, 14.—Ob rem, like ex re (opp. frustra), to the purpose, with advantage, profitably, usefully (very rare): An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, Ter Phorm. 3, 2, 41:3.verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vostrā manu situm est,
Sall. J. 31, 5.—Ob industriam, on purpose, intentionally, Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 6; 2, 3, 58 (id. ib. 2, 3, 60, de industriā); cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 14.—4.Quam ob rem, also written in one word, quamobrem, on which account, wherefore, therefore, hence, accordingly; a very freq. particle of transition, esp. in Cic.:5.quam ob rem id primum videamus, quatenus, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 11, 36:quam ob rem utrique nostrūm gratum admodum feceris,
id. ib. 4, 16; 2, 10; 3, 12; 4, 15; id. Rep. 1, 5, 9; 1, 19, 32 et saep.—Ob id, ob hoc, ob haec, ob ea, ob quae, on that account, therefore (not ante-Aug.).a.Ob id:b.ignaris hostibus et ob id quietis,
Liv. 25, 35; 28, 2; Tac. A. 2, 66; 3, 75; 13, 5:ob id ipsum,
Curt. 4, 16, 23.—Ob hoc:c.ob hoc cum omnia neglecta apud hostes essent,
Liv. 25, 37; Sen. Q. N. 7, 14, 4; Col. 7, 3, 21; cf.:ob hoc miserior,
Sen. Ep. 98, 5. —Ob haec:d.ob haec cum legatos mitti placuisset,
Liv. 8, 23; 21, 50; 38, 34; Cels. 1 praef.—Ob ea:e. III.ob ea consul Albinus senatum de foedere consulebat,
Sall. J. 39, 2.—In composition, the b of ob remains unchanged before vowels and most consonants; only before p, f, c, g, is assimilation more common: oppeto, offero, occido, ogganio, etc.—An ancient form obs, analogous to abs, is implied in obs-olesco and os-tendo.—In signification, that of direction towards, or of existence at or before a thing is predominant, although it likewise gives to the simple verb the accessory notion of against: obicere, opponere, obrogare. -
8 obs
ŏb (old form obs, v. III.), prep. with acc. (in late Lat. also with the abl.:I.OB PERPETVO EIVS ERGA SE AMORE,
Inscr. Orell. 106) [Osc. op; kindr. with Sanscr. api; Gr. epi].Lit.A.With verbs of motion, towards, to (only ante-class.): IS TERTHS DIEBVS OB PORTVM OBVAGVLATVM ITO, let him go before his house to summon him, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Paul. ex Fest. s. v. portum, p. 233 Müll.: ob Romam legiones ducere, Enn. ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 179 Müll. (Ann. v. 295 Vahl.); cf.:B.ob Troiam duxit,
id. ib. p. 178 Müll. (Incert. libr. v. 5 Vahl.): cujus ob os Grai ora obvertebant sua, Poët. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 18, 39; and ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2 (Trag. Rel. p. 211 Rib.).—With verbs of rest, about, before, in front of, over (in Cic.):II.follem sibi obstringit ob gulam,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23:lanam ob oculum habere,
id. Mil. 5, 37:ob oculos mihi caliginem obstitisse,
before my eyes, id. ib. 2, 4, 51:mors ob oculos saepe versata est,
Cic. Rab. Post. 14, 39; id. Sest. 21, 47:ignis qui est ob os offusus,
id. Univ. 14.—Transf., to indicate the object or cause, on account of, for, because of, by reason of, etc.A.In gen. (freq. and class.):B.etiam ob stultitiam tuam te tueris?
do you still defend yourself with regard to your folly? Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 82:pretium ob stultitiam fero,
Ter. And. 3, 5, 4; id. Phorm. 2, 3, 23:ob eam rem iratus,
on that account, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 33:neu quid ob eam rem succenseat,
id. ib. 4, 4, 39; Ter. Ad. 5, 6, 7: Mi. Ob eam rem? De. Ob eam, id. ib. 5. 9, 20:ob rem nullam,
id. Hec. 5, 3, 2:hanc Epicurus rationem induxit ob eam rem, quod veritus est, ne, etc.,
Cic. Fat. 10, 23:ob eam causam, quod, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 7, 12: quam ob causam venerant, id. de Or. 1, 7, 26:non solum ob eam causam fieri volui, quod, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 21, 34:ob hanc causam, quod,
id. ib. 2, 1, 3:nec ob aliam causam ullam, etc.,
id. Lael. 20, 74:ob meas injurias,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 85; cf.:quodnam ob facinus?
id. ib. 5, 2, 3: ob peccatum hoc. id. ib. v. 37:ob malefacta haec,
id. Ad. 2, 1, 46:ob illam injuriam,
Cic. Rep. 2, 25, 46:ob aliquod emolumentum suum,
id. Font. 8, 17: (eum) ac Troiam misi ob defendendam Graeciam, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 13, 28 (Trag. v. 362 Vahl.):ob rem judicandam pecuniam adcipere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78; id. Att. 1, 17, 8; id. Mur. 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 2, 48, § 119; Sall. J. 89, 2; Quint. 5, 10, 87:nec meliores ob eam scientiam nec beatiores esse possumus,
on account of, for that knowledge, Cic. Rep. 1, 19, 32:ob eam (amicitiam) summā fide servatam,
id. Lael. 7, 25:is igitur dicitur ab Amulio ob labefactandi regni timorem, ad Tiberim exponi jussus esse,
id. Rep. 2, 2, 4:unius ob iram Prodimur,
Verg. A. 1, 251; cf.:saevae memorem Junonis ob iram,
id. ib. 1, 4; cf.also: aut ob avaritiam aut miserā ambitione laborat,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 26:barbarus eum quidam palam ob iram interfecti ab eo domini obtruncat,
Liv. 21, 2, 6:non noxā neque ob metum,
Tac. H. 2, 49:Germanicum mortem ob rem publicam obiisse,
for the republic, id. A. 2, 83:cum quibus ob rem pecuniariam disceptabat,
id. ib. 6, 5.—In partic.1.In consideration of, in return for, instead of (mostly ante-class.):2.ob asinos ferre argentum,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 80; id. Ep. 5, 2, 38:quin arrhabonem a me accepisti ob mulierem?
id. Rud. 3, 6, 23:ager oppositus est pignori Ob decem minas,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56: talentum magnum ob unam fabulam datum esse, C. Gracch. ap. Gell. 11, 10 fin.:pecuniam ob absolvendum accipere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 78:pecuniam ob delicta dare,
Tac. A. 14, 14.—Ob rem, like ex re (opp. frustra), to the purpose, with advantage, profitably, usefully (very rare): An. Non pudet Vanitatis? Do. Minime, dum ob rem, Ter Phorm. 3, 2, 41:3.verum id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vostrā manu situm est,
Sall. J. 31, 5.—Ob industriam, on purpose, intentionally, Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 6; 2, 3, 58 (id. ib. 2, 3, 60, de industriā); cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 14.—4.Quam ob rem, also written in one word, quamobrem, on which account, wherefore, therefore, hence, accordingly; a very freq. particle of transition, esp. in Cic.:5.quam ob rem id primum videamus, quatenus, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 11, 36:quam ob rem utrique nostrūm gratum admodum feceris,
id. ib. 4, 16; 2, 10; 3, 12; 4, 15; id. Rep. 1, 5, 9; 1, 19, 32 et saep.—Ob id, ob hoc, ob haec, ob ea, ob quae, on that account, therefore (not ante-Aug.).a.Ob id:b.ignaris hostibus et ob id quietis,
Liv. 25, 35; 28, 2; Tac. A. 2, 66; 3, 75; 13, 5:ob id ipsum,
Curt. 4, 16, 23.—Ob hoc:c.ob hoc cum omnia neglecta apud hostes essent,
Liv. 25, 37; Sen. Q. N. 7, 14, 4; Col. 7, 3, 21; cf.:ob hoc miserior,
Sen. Ep. 98, 5. —Ob haec:d.ob haec cum legatos mitti placuisset,
Liv. 8, 23; 21, 50; 38, 34; Cels. 1 praef.—Ob ea:e. III.ob ea consul Albinus senatum de foedere consulebat,
Sall. J. 39, 2.—In composition, the b of ob remains unchanged before vowels and most consonants; only before p, f, c, g, is assimilation more common: oppeto, offero, occido, ogganio, etc.—An ancient form obs, analogous to abs, is implied in obs-olesco and os-tendo.—In signification, that of direction towards, or of existence at or before a thing is predominant, although it likewise gives to the simple verb the accessory notion of against: obicere, opponere, obrogare. -
9 praesideo
prae-sĭdĕo, sēdi (praesīdi in best MSS., Tac. A. 1, 76), ēre, v. n. and a. [sedeo], to sit before or in front of.I.Lit. (mostly postclass. and rare):B.pro aede Capitolini Jovis praesidere,
Suet. Aug. 26.—Transf., in time, to sit beforehand:II.in cujus (Mutini) sinu nubentes praesident, ut, etc.,
Lact. 1, 20 fin. —Trop.A. (α).With dat.:(β).ego hic tibi praesidebo,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 47:ego hic restitrix praesidebo,
id. Truc. 4, 2, 5; id. Rud. 4, 4, 7:urbi,
Cic. Phil. 13, 9, 20; Liv. 22, 11, 9; cf. id. 10, 17; 23, 32 init.; 24, 40 init.; 36, 5, 5;38, 51, 8: Gallia, quae semper praesidet atque praesedit huic imperio libertatique communi,
Cic. Phil. 5, 13, 37:huic urbi, atque huic imperio,
id. Sull. 31, 86.—With acc.:B. (α).socios,
Sall. H. 2, 28 Dietsch:agros suos,
id. ib. 3, 66:proximum Galliae litus,
Tac. A. 4, 5:civium manus litora oceani praesidebat,
id. ib. 4, 72.—With dat.:(β).ut idem ad portas urbanis praesideat rebus,
Caes. B. C. 1, 85:Mars...praesidet armis,
Ov. F. 3, 85:Actiacis ludis,
Suet. Tib. 6:spectaculis,
id. Claud. 7.—With acc.:(γ).P. Atellio, qui Pannoniam praesidebat,
who commanded in Pannonia, Tac. A. 12, 29:exercitum,
to command, id. ib. 3, 39.—With in and abl.:(δ).Metellus in agro Piceno praesidebat,
Sall. C. 57, 2.—Absol.:(in senatu) princeps praesidebat,
presided, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 10.—Hence, praesĭdens, entis, P. a.; as subst.: a president, director, ruler (post-Aug. for praeses):superbia praesidentium,
governors, Tac. A. 3, 40: praesidentium apparitores, Cod. Th. 8, 7, 13. -
10 prohibeo
prŏ-hĭbĕo, ŭi, ĭtum, 2 (old forms, prohibessis, Cato, R. R. 141, 2; Enn. ap. Prob. ad Verg. E. 6, 31 (Trag. v. 323 Vahl.):I.prohibessit,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 11:prohibessint,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3 fin.), v. a. [habeo], to hold in front, i. e.,To hold back, keep in check, to restrain, hinder, prevent, avert, keep or ward off, debar (class.; cf.: inhibeo, arceo).A.In gen.; usually constr. aliquem or aliquid, with abl.; alone or ab and abl.; with ut, ne, quominus, or an obj.-clause; also with simple acc.; less freq. with de, the dat., or gen.1.With ab:2.quo illum ab illā prohibeas,
Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 103:prohibete a vobis vim meam,
id. Capt. 4, 2, 24:praedones procul ab insulā Siciliā,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 64, § 144:hostem a pugnā,
Caes. B. G. 4, 34:aliquem a familiaritate, congressione, patrio jure et potestate,
Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 46:vim hostium ab oppidis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 11:se suosque ab injuriā,
to restrain themselves, refrain from, id. ib. 2, 28 fin.:ita prohibendo a delictis magis quam vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit,
Sall. J. 45, 3; 22, 4. —With de: vim de classe, Lucil. ap. Non 528, 10.—3.With abl.:4.cum suis finibus eos prohibent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:itinere exercitum,
to impede its march, id. ib. 1, 10:hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque,
id. ib. 1, 15.—With abl. without an object: non prohibere aquā profluente, Cic. Off. 1, 16, 52.—With dat.:5.aliquem alicui,
to withhold from one, Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 7; cf.:aditum alicui, Auct. B. Afr. 31: captae prohibere nequiret Cum Poenos aquilae,
could not prevent the Carthaginians from capturing the standard, Sil. 6, 27 (but the gen., Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 26; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, depends on the acc. object of prohibere; v. 7 infra).—With ut, ne, quominus; rarely with quin:6.dii prohibeant, ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:qui tu id prohibere me potes, ne suspicer,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 50 Brix ad loc.:quod potuisti prohibere, ne fieret,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 10, 33:ne lustrum perficeret, mors prohibuit P. Furi,
Liv. 24, 43, 4:hiemem credo adhuc prohibuisse, quo minus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 12, 5, 1:prohibere quominus sumerent, non poterant,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 34:si prohibere, quominus in unum coirent, non posset,
Liv. 25, 35, 6:nec, quin erumperet, ubi vellet, prohiberi poterat,
id. 26, 40, 4.—With obj.-clause:7.qui peregrinos urbibus uti prohibent,
Cic. Off. 3, 11, 47:qui Bibulum exire domo prohibuissent,
id. Fam. 1, 9, 7:jam se ad prohibenda circumdari opera Aequi parabant,
Liv. 3, 28, 7:prohibuit migrari, Veios,
id. 5, 49, 8:prohibete jus de pecuniis dici,
id. 6, 18, 14; 6, 20, 6:audeat Canuleius proloqui, se delectum haberi prohibiturum,
Liv. 4, 2, 12; 25, 4, 4; 25, 14, 7:qui Cimbros intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint,
Caes. B. G. 2, 4; Verg. A. 6, 606.—With simple acc.: Mars pater, ut tu morbos visos invisosque, viduertatem vastitudinemque... prohibessis, defendas averruncesque, an old formula of prayer in Cato, R. R. 141:B.neque munitiones Caesaris prohibere poterat,
Caes. B. G. 3, 44:motus conatusque alicujus prohibere,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 26:prohibenda maxime est ira in puniendo,
id. Off. 1, 25, 89:quod uti prohibitum irem, quod in me esset, meo labori non parsi, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. parsi, p. 242 Müll.: prohibere comitia dicitur vitiare diem morbo,
Fest. p. 236 ib.; Cato ap. Fest. l. l.: quod di prohibeant, which may the gods forbid or avert, Ter. And. 3, 3, 36;and in the same sense: dii mala prohibeant,
id. Hec. 2, 1, 10; cf.: di, prohibete minas;di, talem avertite casum,
Verg. A. 3, 265; and:deos quaeso, ut istaec prohibeant,
Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 11.—In partic., to forbid, prohibit a thing (syn.:II.interdico, veto): tu modo ne me prohibeas accipere, siquid det mihi,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 89:nemo hic prohibet nec vetat,
id. Curc. 1, 1, 33:lex recta imperans prohibensque contraria,
Cic. N. D. 1, 14, 36:sed dii et homines prohibuere redemptos vivere Romanos,
Liv. 5, 49, 1; Quint. 5, 10, 104; cf.:Athenis affectus movere per praeconem prohibebatur orator,
the orator was forbidden, id. 6, 1, 7:prohibitis abstinere,
Sen. Ep. 83, 18.—To keep away from a thing for the sake of safety (cf. defendo, II.), to keep, preserve, defend, protect (rare but class.); with ab:a quo periculo prohibete rem publicam,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:adultam virginem ab armatorum impetu,
id. Brut. 96, 330.—With abl.:haec damna multa mulierum Me uxore prohibent,
keep me from a wife, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 105:magnum civium numerum calamitate prohibere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 18:tenuiores injuriā,
id. Off. 2, 12, 31:ad prohibendam populationibus Campaniam,
Liv. 22, 14, 2.—With double acc.:id te Juppiter Prohibessit,
from that may Jupiter preserve you, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 11. -
11 protego
prō-tĕgo, xi, ctum, 3, v. a., to cover before or in front, to cover over, cover, protect (class.; syn.: defendo, tutor).I.Lit.:B.tabernacula protecta hederā,
Caes. B. C. 3, 96:rates cratibus ac pluteis,
id. ib. 1, 25 fin.:aedes,
to furnish with a projecting roof, Cic. Top. 4, 24:hunc scutis protegunt hostes,
to cover, protect, Caes. B. G. 5, 43:se umbone,
Just. 33, 2, 4:caput contra solem,
Plin. 31, 11, 47, § 131:scutis protecti corpora longis,
Verg. A. 8, 662:protegendi corporis memor,
Liv. 2, 6.—In partic., to put up a shed, penthouse, or projecting roof (jurid. Lat.):II.hic in suo protexit,
Dig. 9, 2, 29:jus proiciendi protegendive,
ib. 8, 2, 1.—Trop.A.To cover or shield from danger, to defend, protect (rare and class.):2. B.jacentem et spoliatum defendo et protego,
Cic. Sull. 18, 50:ad protegendum regem,
Liv. 42, 15:viros optimos,
Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 36; Tac. A. 1, 13 fin.:aliquem adversus criminantes,
id. H. 2, 60:causam,
Juv. 11, 32:Dominus exercituum proteget eos,
Vulg. Zach. 9, 15. —To cover up, screen, conceal (very rare):nequitiam supercilio truci,
Vell. 2, 100, 5:risu protectis insidiis,
Just. 38, 1, 9:parricidii immunitatem metu majore,
Quint. Decl. 8, 1.
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